Which routes can diltiazem be administered?

Diltiazem can be administered orally and intravenously, making this the correct choice.

Oral administration of diltiazem allows for convenient dosing and is often used for long-term management of conditions like hypertension and angina. The oral form is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, providing systemic effects after the medication has passed through the liver.

Intravenous administration is typically reserved for more acute situations where rapid control of heart rate or blood pressure is necessary, such as in cases of atrial fibrillation or flutter. This route provides immediate effects, allowing healthcare providers to closely monitor and adjust dosages as needed.

The other routes mentioned in the options are not standard for diltiazem administration. For example, while certain medications may be administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously, these routes are not common practices for diltiazem due to its pharmacokinetic properties and the availability of preferred alternatives. Similarly, topical, nasal, rectal, and inhalation routes are not utilized for this medication, reinforcing why the emphasis is on oral and intravenous administration for effective therapeutic outcomes.